Glensor, Ronald W., and Kenneth Peak. 1998. Lasting impact: Maintaining neighborhood order. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 67 (March): 1-7. The authors study crime data for the town of Virginia Lake, Nevada, before and after a comprehensive neighborhood safety project implemented in 1991-1992. The report describes many of the strategies, which were moderately successful in reducing violent crimes. However, the authors found that without sustained support, crime levels soon reverted to pre-project levels.

Greene, Judith A. 1999. Zero tolerance: A case study of police policies and practices in New York City. Crime & Delinquency (April 1): 171-187. A comparative case study of two communities, in New York City and South Dakota, that implemented zero-tolerance programs. Although both programs were associated with similar drops in crime rates, the South Dakota program used fewer officers. Greene attributes this difference to the greater effort made to involve residents in the South Dakota program.

Kellerman, Arthur L., Dawna S. Fuqua-Whitley, and Frederick P. Rivara. 1997. Preventing youth violence: A summary of program evaluations. Seattle, WA: Urban Health Initiative. A good summary evaluation of various anti-crime programs, with an emphasis on preventing youth crime.

McDowall, David, Colin Loftin, and Brian Wiersema. 2000. The impact of youth curfew laws on juvenile crime rates. Crime & Delinquency 46 (January 1): 76-91. Panel data from a sample of large cities between 1976 and 1995 shows that in cities that adopted youth curfew laws, crime did not decrease after the laws were passed. Although youth arrests for burglary and simple assault decreased, youth arrests for homicide increased, as did the rate of youth homicide victims.

MacDonald, John M. 2002. The effectiveness of community policing on reducing urban violence. Crime and Delinquency 48 (October 1): 592-618. MacDonald analyzes the FBI Uniform Crime Reports, city census data, and the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey to assess robbery and homicide rates in 164 cities in 1993-94 and 1997-98. Cities with community policing grants and programs had insignificant differences in robbery and homicide rates compared to non-grant cities.

Moore, Mark H. 1999. Security and community development, in Ronald F. Ferguson and William T. Dickens, eds., Urban problems and community development (Washington, D.C.: Brookings). Moore uses two cases to evaluate community policing: the Showcase Savannah Project in the 1980s and the Sandtown/Winchester project in Baltimore in 1990. He stresses the importance of having strong community groups to partner with police.

Reiss, Albert J., Jr., and Jeffrey A. Roth. 1993. Summary, in Albert J. Reiss, Jr., and Jeffrey A. Roth, eds., Understanding and preventing violence. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. An interdisciplinary analysis of the causes and effects of violence and evaluation of the most promising solutions.

Roth, Jeffrey A., Joseph F. Ryan, Stephen J. Gaffigan, Christopher S. Koper, Mark H. Moore, Janice A. Roehl, Calvin C. Johnson, Gretchen E. Moore, Ruth M. White, Michael E. Buerger, Elizabeth A. Langston, and David Thacher. 2000. National evaluation of the COPS program: Research report. (PDF: cited 20 June 2003). A comparison study of randomly selected community policing programs that received and did not receive federal grants under the COPS (community policing) program from 1994-1998. The authors find that community policing in practice differs markedly from the theory. Partnerships and police commitment seem to be crucial in ensuring program success. Usual outcome measures such as crime rates can be misleading indicators of the success of a program.

Sampson, Robert J. 1999. What “community” supplies, in Ronald F. Ferguson and William T. Dickens, eds., Urban problems and community development (Washington, D.C.: Brookings). A theoretical defense of community based on ideas of social organization and institutions.

Smith, Michael R. 2001. Police-led crackdowns and cleanups: An evaluation of a crime control initiative in Richmond, Virginia. Crime & Delinquency 47 (January 1): 60-83. In 1997, Richmond police and city agencies in seven city neighborhoods began a partnership with residents to reduce crime. This study collected crime incidence and report data before and after the project and compared it to non-project neighborhood data. Smith found a significant decrease in crime in the project neighborhoods, but also a large rise in calls to police to report crimes. He surmises that this resulted from residents developing higher expectations of police to keep order in their areas.

Wilson, James Q., and George Welling. 1982. The police and neighborhood safety: Broken windows. The Atlantic Monthly (March): 29-38. One of the first examples of the “broken windows” theory and a recommendation for zero tolerance policing.